Most goods can leave the UK without a licence, but military, dual-use and sanctioned goods need approval from the UK Export Control Joint Unit (ECJU). The exporter is responsible for checking whether goods are controlled and for choosing the right type of licence.
Contents
An export licence allows trade in strategically controlled goods that would otherwise be prohibited from export. Control depends on the nature of the goods, their potential uses and the destination. If you export from the UK, you are responsible for complying with UK government regulations, including checking for export controls and any licences you may need.
What you will learn
- why the UK has an export control and licensing system,
- the main types of export licence,
- how to check whether your goods need a licence.
Goods that may be controlled
- most items specially designed or modified for military use and their components, including technology and software used with the item,
- dual-use items, which can serve both civil and military purposes, and certain parts, raw materials and production machinery for them (see dual-use goods),
- goods that could be used for torture,
- radioactive material,
- any commercial goods covered by trade sanctions on a given country (see EU and UK sanctions on Russia).
Why exports are controlled
Export controls exist, among other reasons, to:
- address concerns about internal repression, regional instability and other human rights violations,
- limit the development of weapons of mass destruction,
- support foreign policy and international obligations, such as trade sanctions or arms embargoes,
- protect the national security of the UK and its allies.
Main types of export licence
The Export Control Joint Unit (ECJU) administers the UK's export control and licensing system. It issues several types of licence.
Open General Export Licences (OGELs)
OGELs are published licences with set terms, available for certain military and controlled dual-use goods exported to listed destinations. Users must register first and meet all the licence conditions.
Standard Individual Export Licences (SIELs)
If your goods, technology, software, destination or situation are controlled and no OGEL covers them, you need a SIEL. It is specific to your company and the consignee, and covers a set quantity or value of goods.
Open Individual Export Licences (OIELs)
OIELs are designed for long-term contracts, projects and repeat business. They are specific to your company but not necessarily to one consignee.
How to apply
Licence applications and OGEL registrations are made electronically through the ECJU's licensing system. This has been SPIRE, and the government is gradually moving applications to a new system, LITE, so check GOV.UK for the system that applies to your licence (example of a change: Notice to Exporters 2026/18).
Record-keeping and compliance
If you do not comply with licence terms you may be penalised: penalties include de-registration, fines and even a prison sentence. Your business should therefore have clear procedures for record-keeping, training and lines of responsibility.
You can read more on transporting dual-use goods without a licence. If you are unsure whether your goods need a licence, get in touch with us.
Frequently asked questions
Do I need an export licence for every export from the UK?
No. Licences apply to controlled goods, including military items, dual-use goods, goods that could be used for torture, radioactive material and goods covered by sanctions or embargoes. Other goods are exported on a normal export declaration.
Who is responsible for checking whether goods need a licence?
The exporter. You must establish whether your goods, technology or software are on a control list and whether the destination or consignee is restricted. If in doubt, ask the ECJU or an adviser.
What is the difference between an OGEL, a SIEL and an OIEL?
An OGEL is a published general licence: you register and meet its conditions. A SIEL is issued individually for a specific consignee and a set quantity or value of goods. An OIEL covers long-term contracts and repeat business, usually without being tied to a single consignee.
How do I apply for an export licence?
Electronically, through the ECJU licensing system. This has been SPIRE, which is being replaced step by step by a new system called LITE, so check on GOV.UK which system applies to your type of licence before you apply.
What are the penalties for breaching licence terms?
According to UK government guidance, penalties can include de-registration from the licence, fines and, in serious cases, a prison sentence. Businesses should keep records, train staff and set clear lines of responsibility.
Related guides
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